▍鉴于前面上传的视频配翻译的形式，大家没法实时的对照每一句的英文和翻译收看，我们把视频改成了音频，希望能阅读到这篇文章的同学们，一边听着音频一边对照的双语翻译反复的听习几遍，TED作为一个非政府机构的组织，他们的演讲内容比较贴近生活用语，语速也不快，对于初学者来说是比较好的学习工具。

2010年系列之“沦为战俘的美国原驻民”

1.I'm here today to show my photographs of the Lakota.

今天，我给大家展示我拍摄的拉科塔人照片。

2.Many of you may have heard of the Lakota，or at least the larger group of tribes called the Sioux.

拉科塔人对于在座的许多人应该不陌生了，至少也听说过他们所属的部落苏族。

3.The Lakota are one of many tribes that were moved off their land to prisoner of war camps now called reservations.

拉科塔人是众多被迫离开家园的一支印第安人。他们沦为战俘，被驱赶到集中营里，也就是所谓的保留地。

4.The Pine Ridge Reservation，the subject of today's slide show，is located about 75 miles southeast of the Black Hills in South Dakota.

松岭印地安人保留地，就是今天图片展的主题，它位于南达科他州黑岗东南方向75英里处。

5.It is sometimes referred to as Prisoner of War Camp Number 334，and it is where the Lakota now live.

它的别名是 334号战俘集中营。 这里就是现在拉科塔人的居住地。

6.Now，if any of you have ever heard of AIM，the American Indian Movement，or of Russell Means，or Leonard Peltier，or of the stand-off at Oglala。

如果你们有人听说过AIM， 也就是美国印第安人运动(American Indian Movement)，或者拉塞尔. 米恩斯， 里奥纳德. 皮尔帝尔， 奥加拉拉对峙事件。

7.then you know that Pine Ridge is ground zero for Native issues in the U.S.

那么你肯定知道，在美国，松岭保留地就是印第安人问题集中地带。

8.So I&39;s a very difficult one for me.

今天，我应邀在此简单介绍我和拉科塔人之间的不解之缘，对于我而言，这相当难能可贵。

9.Because，if you haven&39;m white，and that is a huge barrier on a Native reservation.

因为，你们如果注意到我的肤色，就知道我是白人，这在印第安人保留地是一大禁忌。

10.You&39;ve become very close with them，and they've welcomed me like family.

今天展示的照片中有形形色色的人，我有幸成为他们的朋友，他们待我如亲人一般。

11.They&34;brother&34;uncle"

他们亲切地和我以兄弟叔父相称。

12.and invited me again and again over five years.

在过去的五年里一次又一次请我上门作客。

13.But on Pine Ridge，I will always be what is called &34;

尽管如此，在松岭，我永远被视为“wasichu”。

14.and &34; is a Lakota word that means &34;

“wasichu”是拉科塔语， 意思是非印第安人。

15.but another version of this word means &34;

而这个词还有另一个含义，意思是“抢走上等好肉的人”。

16.And that's what I want to focus on -- the one who takes the best part of the meat.

这就是我今天的主题 -- 抢走上等好肉的人。

17.It means greedy.

这意味着贪婪。

18.So take a look around this auditorium today.

大家四下看看。

19.We are at a private school in the American West，sitting in red velvet chairs with money in our pockets.

我们身处美国西部一所私立学校里，坐在红色丝绒的椅子上，荷包鼓鼓。

20.And if we look at our lives，we have indeed taken the best part of the meat.

如果我们反恭自省，就不难发现，我们的确抢走了上等好肉。

21.So let&39;s faces

我们来好好看看这些图片，看看我们如何夺走了本属于另外一群人的生活。不仅如此，当看到这些人的脸时。

22.that these are not just images of the Lakota; they stand for all indigenous people.

《朝花夕拾》有着丰富的思想内容,描写了作者对童年生活的回忆和对师友诚挚的怀念,真实地书写了戊戌政变和辛亥革命前后作者所经历的生活种种——从农村到城镇,从家庭到社会,从中国到日本,每一篇都生动的反映了那个时代社会生活的一角 作。

你知道他们不仅代表了拉科塔人。还代表了所有印第安土著人。

老舍简介及作品简介，23.On this piece of paper is the history the way I learned it from my Lakota friends and family.

这张纸上，记录着我从拉科塔朋友和家人那里学到的历史。

24.The following is a time-line of treaties made，treaties broken and massacres disguised as battles.

下面是一组大事年表，记录了那些被撕毁了的协约和一些看似战斗实为屠杀的事件。

25.I'll begin in 1824.

我从1824年讲起。

26.What is known as the Bureau of Indian Affairs was created within the War Department，setting an early tone of aggression in our dealings with the Native Americans.

“印第安事务管理局 实为美国陆军部下属部门 一开始就在对待美国原驻民事务上 充满敌意。

27.1851: The first treaty of Fort Laramie was made，clearly marking the boundaries of the Lakota Nation.

1851年： 第一次《拉勒米堡条约》， 明确划定了拉科塔人的领土分界线。

28.According to the treaty，those lands are a sovereign nation.

根据条约，分界线以内的土地构成一个主权国家。

29.If the boundaries of this treaty had held -- and there is a legal basis that they should -- then this is what the U.S. would look like today.

如果遵照法律，条约保留至今，那么这才是美国今天的模样。

30.10 years later，the Homestead Act，signed by President Lincoln，unleashed a flood of white settlers into Native lands.

十年以后，由林肯总统亲自签署的《公地放领法》放任白人殖民者蜂拥闯入原驻民领地。

31.1863: An uprising of Santee Sioux in Minnesota ends with the hanging of 38 Sioux men，the largest mass execution in U.S. history.

1863年： 明尼苏达州发生苏族的支部桑蒂人起义， 结果38名苏人被绞死， 这成为美国历史上最大规模的绞刑。

32.The execution was ordered by President Lincoln only two days after he signed the Emancipation Proclamation.

下令行刑的正是林肯总统，而就在两天前，他刚刚签署了《解放奴隶宣言》。

33.1866: the beginning of the transcontinental railroad -- a new era.

1866年，跨大陆铁路开始动工 -- 新时代开始了。

34.We appropriated land for trails and trains to shortcut through the heart of the Lakota Nation.

为了优化铁路路线，我们抄捷径直穿拉科塔腹地。

35.The treaties were out the window.

所有条约都被束之高阁。

36.In response，three tribes led by the Lakota chief Red Cloud attacked and defeated the U.S. army many times over.

拉科达酋长红云率领的三个部落进行反击，他们攻打并屡次战胜了美国军队。

37.I want to repeat that part.

我想再强调一遍。

38.The Lakota defeat the U.S. army.

拉科塔人战胜了美国军队。

39.1868: The second Fort Laramie Treaty clearly guarantees the sovereignty of the Great Sioux Nation and the Lakotas' ownership of the sacred Black Hills.

1868年：第二次《拉勒米堡条约》 清清楚楚地承诺保证苏族的主权地位 并承认神圣的黑岗为拉科塔所有。

40.The government also promises land and hunting rights in the surrounding states.

政府另外还承诺他们在其领地周围各州享有土地和狩猎权。

41.We promise that the Powder River country will henceforth be closed to all whites.

我们承诺白人一律不许踏入属于印第安人的粉河地带。

42.The treaty seemed to be a complete victory for Red Cloud and the Sioux.

这个条约表面上是红云酋长以及苏人的完胜。

43.I fact，this is the only war in American history in which the government negotiated a peace by conceding everything demanded by the enemy.

而实质上，这是美国历史上政府唯一一次为了停战而完全屈从于敌人的要求。

44.1869: The transcontinental railroad was completed.

1869年： 跨大陆铁路竣工。

45.It began carrying，among other things，a large number of hunters who began the wholesale killing of buffalo，eliminating a source of food and clothing and shelter for the Sioux.

成千上万的猎户搭着火车来到苏人的领地，他们开始成批地捕杀野牛，使得苏人赖以生存的生活资料来源濒临灭绝。

46.1871: The Indian Appropriation Act makes all Indians wards of the federal government.

1871年： 印第安人拨款法案 让所有印第安人都受到联邦政府的管辖。

47.In addition，the military issued orders forbidding western Indians from leaving reservations.

不仅如此，美国军队下令禁止西部的印第安人离开保留地。

48.All western Indians at that point in time were now prisoners of war.

从此以后，所有西部印第安人都成为了战后囚徒。

另外，1871年， 我们停止制定条约。

50.The problem with treaties is they allow tribes to exist as sovereign nations，and we can't have that.

条约只会允许印第安部落享有主权，但我们不能接受。

51.We had plans.

我们自有对策。

52.1874: General George Custer announced the discovery of gold in Lakota territory，specifically the Black Hills.

1874年： 乔治. 卡斯特将军宣布在拉科塔地区发现了金矿， 具体位置就在黑岗。

53.The news of gold creates a massive influx of white settlers into Lakota Nation.

这一消息引得白人移民者蜂拥闯入拉科塔领地。

54.Custer recommends that Congress find a way to end the treaties with the Lakota as soon as possible.

卡斯特向国会提议尽快解除与拉科塔人定下的条约。

55.1875: The Lakota war begins over the violation of the Fort Laramie Treaty.

1875年：美国撕毁《拉勒米堡条约》， 拉科达战争爆发。

56.1876: On July 26th on its way to attack a Lakota village，Custer's 7th Cavalry was crushed at the battle of Little Big Horn.

1876年： 7月26日 卡斯特将军率领的第七骑兵 在攻打一个拉科塔村庄时全军覆没， 这就是著名的小盘羊战役。

57.1877: The great Lakota warrior and chief named Crazy Horse surrendered at Fort Robinson.

1877年： 伟大的拉科达勇士疯马酋长 于罗宾逊堡投降。

58.He was later killed while in custody.

他之后在关押期间被杀害。

59.1877 is also the year we found a way to get around the Fort Laramie Treaties.

1877年，我们成功地 解除了所有《拉勒米堡条约》。

60.A new agreement was presented to Sioux chiefs and their leading men under a campaign known as &34;

一项新协议摆在了苏人各部酋长以及他们副手的面前，这次运动被称为“不卖地就饿死”。

61.Sign the paper，or no food for your tribe.

要么在协议上签字，要么你的部落就等着挨饿。

62.Only 10 percent of the adult male population signed.

只有百分之十的成年男子签了字。

63.The Fort Laramie Treaty called for at least three-quarters of the tribe to sign away land.

《拉勒米堡条约》要求一个部落中至少四分之三的人签字同意才能出让土地。

64.That clause was obviously ignored.

这一条款很显然已经被忽略不计了。

65.1887: The Dawes Act.

1887：《道斯法案》。

66.Communal ownership of reservation lands ends.

保留地公有的时代就此终结。

67.Reservations are cut up into 160-acre sections and distributed to individual Indians with the surplus disposed of.

保留地被分割成块，每块地为160英亩， 分配给每个印第安人 剩余的部分则被割走。

68.Tribes lost millions of acres.

印第安部落损失了上百万英亩土地。

69.The American dream of individual land ownership turned out to be a very clever way to divide the reservation until nothing was left.

美国人为了实现就不择手段将保留地瓜分待尽。

70.The move destroyed the reservations，making it easier to further subdivide and to sell with every passing generation.

保留地遭到毁灭性打击，变得更容易让下一代人进一步瓜分。

71.Most of the surplus land and many of the plots within reservation boundaries are now in the hands of white ranchers.

那些瓜分剩下的土地以及许多保留地内的地块现在都成了白人农场主的囊中之物。

72.Once again，the fat of the land goes to wasichu.

最肥沃的土地在一次落到了wasichu（抢走上等好肉之人）。

73.1890，a date I believe to be the most important in this slide show.

1890年，我认为是幻灯片上 最重要的一个日期。

74.This is the year of the Wounded Knee Massacre.

就在这一年，“伤膝河惨案”发生了。

75.On December 29th，U.S. troops surrounded a Sioux encampment at Wounded Knee Creek and massacred Chief Big Foot and 300 prisoners of war。

12月29日， 美国军队包围了苏人驻扎在伤膝河的营地， 并在那里屠杀了“大脚”酋长 以及其他300多名战俘。

76.using a new rapid-fire weapon that fired exploding shells called a Hotchkiss gun.

他们使用的是一种能够进行扫射的新式武器－机关枪。

77.For this so-called &34;

为了这场所谓的战役。

78.20 Congressional Medals of Honor for Valor were given to the 7th Cavalry.

国会将20枚荣誉勋章 授予了第七骑兵团以表彰他们的骁勇善战。

直到今天，这是历史上国会授予最多荣誉勋章的单次战役。

80.More Medals of Honor were given for the indiscriminate slaughter of women and children than for any battle in World War One，World War Two。

这一次对无辜妇女儿童的残酷屠杀所获得的荣誉勋章多于第一次世界大战，第二次世界大战。

81.Korea，Vietnam，Iraq or Afghanistan.

朝鲜战争，越南战争，伊拉克战争或阿富汗战争中的任何一次战役。

82.The Wounded Knee massacre is considered the end of the Indian wars.

“伤膝河惨案” 标志了印第安战争的结束。

83.Whenever I visit the site of the mass grave at Wounded Knee，I see it not just as a grave for the Lakota or for the Sioux，but as a grave for all indigenous peoples.

每一次去伤膝河公墓，我看到的不仅仅是拉科塔人或苏人的坟墓，而是所有原住民的坟墓。

84.The holy man，Black Elk，said，"I did not know then how much was ended.

印第安圣人黑麋鹿曾说： “我不知道当时 死了多少人。

85.When I look back now from this high hill of my old age，I can still see the butchered women and children lying heaped and scattered

每当回首那座饱经沧桑的高山，沿着那条蜿蜒的小河我依然能看见那些妇女儿童。

尸横遍地，这和我年轻时亲见的场景一般清晰。

87.And I can see that something else died there in the bloody mud and was buried in the blizzard: A people&34;

我能看到在那鲜血染红的泥土中还有另一样东西也被扼杀了，最后被暴风雪所埋葬。一个民族的梦想在那里破灭了，那曾是个多么美好的梦想。”

88With this event，a new era in Native American history began.

事件发生以后，美国原驻民的历史进入了新的篇章。

89.Everything can be measured before Wounded Knee and after.

“伤膝河惨案” 发生之前， 一切都是可以衡量的。

90.Because it was in this moment with the fingers on the triggers of the Hotchkiss guns that the U.S. government openly declared its position on Native rights.

因为现在美国政府一边做出扣动扳机的姿态，一边吆喝着原住民的基本权利掌握在政府手里。

91.They were tired of treaties.

他们厌倦了条约。

92.They were tired of sacred hills.

厌倦了圣山。

93.They were tired of ghost dances.

厌倦了鬼舞。

94.And they were tired of all the inconveniences of the Sioux.

他们厌倦了苏人给他们带来的种种不便。

95.So they brought out their cannons.

于是他们搬出了大炮。

96.&34; they said，finger on the trigger.

要挟着：“你们还做印第安人是吗？” 接着扣动扳机。

97.1900: the U.S. Indian population reached its low point -- less than 250，000，compared to an estimated eight million in 1492.

1900年： 美国原驻民人口跌至历史最低点 － 不足二十五万人， 远远少于1492年的 八百万人。

98.Fast-forward.

时光飞逝。

99.1980: The longest running court case in U.S. history，the Sioux Nation v. the United States，was ruled upon by the U.S. Supreme Court.

100.The court determined that，when the Sioux were resettled onto reservations and seven million acres of their land were opened up to prospectors and homesteaders。

法院决定，苏人重整保留地，允许将七百万英亩土地开放给探矿者和自耕农。

101.the terms of the second Fort Laramie Treaty had been violated.

这些决议违反了第二次《拉勒米堡条约》。

102.The court stated that the Black Hills were illegally taken and that the initial offering price plus interest should be paid to the Sioux Nation.

法院陈述说黑岗是被非法占有的，政府应当连本带息向苏族买下黑岗。

103.As payment for the Black Hills，the court awarded only 106 million dollars to the Sioux Nation.

为买下黑岗，法院只承诺给苏族区区一亿零六百万美元。

104.The Sioux refused the money with the rallying cry，&34;

苏人集体抗议，拒绝收钱，他们呐喊，“决不卖黑岗”。

105.2010: Statistics about Native population today，more than a century after the massacre at Wounded Knee，reveal the legacy of colonization。

2010年： 今天关于原住民的数据显示， 伤膝河惨案过了一个多世纪之后， 殖民地化，强制搬迁。

106.forced migration and treaty violations.

违反条约等活动所产生的后遗症逐渐暴露。

107.Unemployment on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation fluctuates between 85 and 90 percent.

松岭印第安人保留地的失业率一直高达百分之八十五甚至百分之九十。

108.The housing office is unable to build new structures，and existing structures are falling apart.

房屋事务管理部门无力建设新的基础设施，而现存的设施却在渐渐崩塌。

109.Many are homeless，and those with homes are packed into rotting buildings with up to five families.

不少人流离失所，即使一些人有家，他们也只能勉强在危楼里，五个家庭挤在一起生活。

110.39 percent of homes on Pine Ridge have no electricity.

在松岭，百分之三十九的住房没有通电。

111.At least 60 percent of the homes on the reservation are infested with black mold.

百分之六十以上的住房发了霉。

112.More than 90 percent of the population lives below the federal poverty line.

超过百分之九十的人口生活在国家贫困线以下。

113.The tuberculosis rate on Pine Ridge is approximately eight times higher than the U.S. national average.

松岭地区的肺结核患病率大约比全国平均患病率高八成。

114.The infant mortality rate is the highest on this continent and is about three times higher than the U.S. national average.

婴儿死亡率为北美洲之首，比全国平均婴儿死亡率高出三成。

115.Cervical cancer is five times higher than the U.S. national average.

宫颈癌患病率比全国平均值高五倍。

116.School dropout rate is up to 70 percent.

辍学率高达百分之七十。

117.Teacher turnover is eight times higher than the U.S. national average.

教师调动频繁，比全国平均值高出八成。

118.Frequently，grandparents are raising their grandchildren because parents，due to alcoholism，domestic violence and general apathy，cannot raise them.

孩子通常由他们的祖父祖母抚养，因为他们的父母由于酗酒，家庭暴力和对子女的冷漠态度，而无法承担抚养责任。

119.50 percent of the population over the age of 40 suffers from diabetes.

年龄在四十岁以上的人群中有百分之五十患有糖尿病。

120.The life expectancy for men is between 46 and 48 years old -- roughly the same as in Afghanistan and Somalia.

男性的寿命平均在 46岁 到48岁－ 基本上堪比 阿富汗和索马里亚的情况。

121.The last chapter in any successful genocide is the one in which the oppressor can remove their hands and say，"My God，what are these people doing to themselves?

每一次种族屠杀的结局都一样，屠杀者丢下屠刀，说： “天啊，这些人对自己都干了什么？

122.They're killing each other.

他们自相残杀。

123.They&34;

自取灭亡。我们只能在一边看着。”

124.This is how we came to own these United States.

我们就是这样建立起美利坚合众国的。

125.This is the legacy of manifest destiny.

这是命定扩张论所衍生的后遗症。

126.Prisoners are still born into prisoner-of-war camps long after the guards are gone.

虽然监狱看守早已不在了，在这个战争集中营里，仍然不停地有新的战俘诞生。

127.These are the bones left after the best meat has been taken.

好肉都被瓜分干净了，剩下的只有骨头。

128.A long time ago，a series of events was set in motion by a people who look like me，by wasichu，eager to take the land and the water

很久以前，一群和我拥有同样肤色的人，也就是wasichu， 因为觊觎黑岗的土地， 水资源，以及金子。

129.and the gold in the hills.

而发动了一系列抢掠行动。

130.Those events led to a domino effect that has yet to end.

这些行动产生的连锁效应，至今未停。

131.As removed as we the dominant society may feel from a massacre in 1890，or a series of broken treaties 150 years ago，I still have to ask you the question。

尽管现在我们作为主导的这个社会与1890年的大屠杀 以及150年前撕毁的条约相隔甚远， 我仍然要问你们：

132.how should you feel about the statistics of today?

对于今天的数据，你们做何感想？

133.What is the connection between these images of suffering and the history that I just read to you?

这些印第安人受苦的照片和我刚才所念的历史事件有什么关联呢？

134.And how much of this history do you need to own，even?

你们对这些历史事件应付多少责任？

135.Is any of this your responsibility today?

你们是否对这些历史事件负责？

136.I have been told that there must be something we can do.

有人告诉我说我们肯定能做些什么。

137.There must be some call to action.

我需要号召大家行动起来。

138.Because for so long I've been standing on the sidelines content to be a witness，just taking photographs.

因为我花了太长时间站在一旁满足于作个旁观者，能做的只是拍拍照片。

139.Because the solution seems so far in the past，I needed nothing short of a time machine to access them.

还因为时过境迁，时局已无法挽回，我只有使用时间机器才能回到过去。

140.The suffering of indigenous peoples is not a simple issue to fix.

原住民的痛苦生活不是一天两天就能够得到改善的。

141.It's not something everyone can get behind the way they get behind helping Haiti，or ending AIDS，or fighting a famine.

人们不能像拖延援助海地，抗击艾滋病，或赈济饥荒那样拖延对原住民的帮助。

142.The &34; as it's called，may be much more difficult for the dominant society than，say，a $50 check or a church trip to paint some graffiti-covered houses。

帮助他们的方法对于主流社会而言可不简单，它不是一张五十美元的支票，不像教会组织帮助粉刷被涂鸦的房子。

也不是像一个市郊家庭把他们不要的旧衣服捐出来那么简单。

144.So where does that leave us?

我们到底应该怎么做？

145.Shrugging our shoulders in the dark?

只能无奈地耸耸肩吗？

146.The United States continues on a daily basis to violate the terms of the 1851 and 1868 Fort Laramie Treaties with the Lakota.

美国政府至今仍在违反 1851年和1868年的条约。 也就是和拉科塔人签订的两次《拉勒米堡条约》。

147.The call to action I offer today -- my TED wish -- is this: Honor the treaties.

我今天想告诉大家－我的TED心愿是－ 请你们遵守条约。

148.Give back the Black Hills.

归还黑岗。

149.It's not your business what they do with them.

印第安人想怎样利用那些山，你们无权过问。