一、冠词The Article

知识要点：

冠词是一种虚词，放在名词的前面，帮助说明名词的含义。冠词分不定冠词（The Indefinite Article）和定冠词（The definite Article）两种。a (an) 是不定冠词，a用在辅音之前：如a book，a man; an用在元音之前，如：an old man，an hour，an interesting book等。the是定冠词。

一、不定冠词的用法

1、指人或事物的某一种类（泛指）。这是不定冠词a (an)的基本用法。如：She is a girl. I am a teacher. Please pass me an apple.

2、指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。如：He borrowed a story-book from the library.

A Wang is looking for you. 一位姓王的同志正在找你。

3、表示数量，有“一”的意思，但数的概念没有one强烈。如：

I have a mouth，a nose and two eyes.

4、用于某些固定词组中。如：a bit，a few，a little，a lot of，a piece of，a cup of，a glass of，a pile of，a pair of，have a good time，for a while，for a long time等。

5、用在抽象名词前，表具体的介绍——a + 抽象名词，起具体化的作用。如：

This little girl is a joy to her parents. 这女孩对她父母来说是一个乐趣。

It is a pleasure to talk with you. 跟您交谈真是一件愉快的事情。

It is an honour to me to attend the meeting. 参加这个会，对我来说是一种荣誉。

二、定冠词的用法：

1、特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。这是定冠词the的基本用法。如：

Beijing is the capital of China.

The pen on the desk is mine.

2、指谈话双方都知道的人或事物。如：

Where is the teacher?

Open the window，please.

3、指上文提过的人或事物（第二次出现）。如：

There was a chair by the window. On the chair sat a young woman with a baby in her arms.

The baby was thin.

4、用在世界上独一无二的事物前。如：the earth，the moon，the sun.

5、用在序数词和形容词最高级前。（副词最高级前的定冠词可省略）如：

He is always the first to come to school.

Bob is the tallest in his class.

老舍简介及作品简介，6、用在某些专有名词前（由普通名词构成的专用名词）。如：the Great Wall，the Summer Palace，the Science Museum，the Children’s Palace，the Party等。

7、用在一些习惯用语中。如：on the day，in the morning (afternoon，evening)，the day after tomorrow，the day before yesterday，the next year，by the way等。

8、用在江河湖海、山脉前。如：the Yellow River，the Pacific Ocean，the Alps，the Himalayas

9、用在报刊、杂志前。如：the People’s Daily，the Evening Paper，the Times 泰晤士报。

10、表示某一家人要加定冠词。如：

The Browns are at home to receive visitors today. 布朗一家今天要接待客人。

11、用在形容词前，表某一类人。如：the poor，the wounded，the living，the dead，the rich，the sick等。

12、定冠词可以表示一事物内部的某处。如：

The driver always sits in the front of the bus(car).

三、零冠词（即不用冠词）：

1、专用名词和不可数名词前。如：China，America，Grade One，Class Two，milk，oil，water，paper，science等。 2、名词前已有作定语用的this，that，my，your，some，any等代词。如：

Go down this street.

3、复数名词表示一类人或事物时。如：

We are students. I like reading stories.

4、节日、日期、月份、季节前。如：Teachers’ Day，Children’s Day，National Day，in summer，in July等。

Today is New Year’s Day. It is Sunday. March 8 is Women’s Day. 5、在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前，尤其作表语、宾补时。如： What’s the matter，Granny? We elected him monitor.

6、在某些习惯用语中的名词前。如：at noon，at night，at first，at last，at most，at least，by bus(train，air，sea)，in bed，in time，in front of，go to school，go to bed，go to college，on foot，at table，in ink，in pencil等。 7、在三餐饭和球类运动前。如：

She goes to school after breakfast every morning.

We are going to play football.

We usually have lunch at school.

8、科目前不加。如：

We learn Chinese，maths，English and some other subjects.

【专项训练】：

1、 We can’t live without air.

A．an B．× C．the D．some

2、——Have you seen pen? I left it here this morning.

——Is it black one? I think I saw it somewhere.

A．a; the B．the; the C．the; a D．a; a

3、I’ve been waiting for him for hour and half.

A．×; × B．the; a C．a; the D．an; a

4、What fine weather we have today!

A．a B．× C．some D．an

5、Have you ever seen as tall as this one?

A．a tree B．such tree C．an tree D．tree

6、Children usually go to school at age of six.

A．×; the B．a; an C．the; × D．the; the

7、 Himalayas is highest mountain in world.

A．×; the;× B．The; the; the C．A; a; a D．×;×;×

8、They each have __book. Li Hua’s is about writer. Wang Lin’s is on science.

A．a; a; × B．the; ×; the C．×; the; × D．a; the; a

9、 Physics is science of matter and energy.

A．The; × B．×; × C．×; the D．A; a

10、 sun rises in east and sets in west.

A．A; an; a B．The;×;× C．The; the; the D．A; the; a

A．a;× B．the; an C．the; the D．×; the

12、 __Mr Jones called while you were out (neither of us knows this man). He was in bad

temper. A．×;a B．A;× C．The; the D．A; a

13、They were at dinner then. It was delicous one.

A．a; the B．×;× C．×;a D．a; a

14、what kind of car do you want to buy?

A．× B．the C．a D．an

15、Alice is fond of playing piano while Henry is interested in listening to music.

A．×; the B．×;× C．the; × D．the; the

16、Beyond stars，the astronaut saw nothing but space.

A．the; × B．×; the C．×;× D．the; the

17、Alexander Graham Bell invented telephone in 1876.

A．× B．a C．the D．one

18、——Where’s Jack?

——I think he’s still in bed，but he might just be in bathroom.

A．×;× B．the; the C．the; × D．×; the

19、Many people are still in habit of writing silly things in public places.

A．the; the B．×;× C．the; × D．×; the

20、——I’d like information about the management of your hotel，please.

——Well，you could have word with the manager. He might be helpful.

A．some; a B．an; some C．some; some D．an; a

【答案】： 1、B air是不可数名词。

2、D 此题为97年高考题。根据句意，第一空是泛指，第一次出现；第二空仍是泛指，且表数量“－”。

3、D 元音前用an。

4、B weather是不可数名词。

5、A 此题为85年高考题。泛指。

6、A go to school是固定短语。

7、B 山脉、形容词最高级及世界上的唯一的名词前加定冠词。

8、A 第一、二空泛指，第三空，science是不可数名词。

9、C 第一空，科目前不加冠词；第二空特指，有定语。

10、C

11、A 第一空，a + 不可数名词表具体的介绍；第二空，trade不可数。

12、D 第一空是指有一位琼斯先生在您不在的时候来访。（括号里说明，我们俩都不认识这个人，因此不是特指。）第二空是固定短语，情绪不好。

13、C 第一空at dinner正在吃饭，固定短语。

14、A 泛指 15、C 此题是89年高考题：乐器前加定冠词；music是不可数名词。

16、A 此题是90年高考题：stars前应加定冠词；space不可数。

17、C 此题是91年高考题：发明应是特指。

18、D 此题是92年高考题。in bed是固定短语，不加冠词。

《钢铁是怎样炼成的》第九章感悟是我缓缓合上《钢铁是怎样炼成的》，书中的情节令我铭刻肺腑。保尔早年丧父。被赶出学校后，当了两年杂役才转到发电厂。革命爆发后，他结识了老布尔什维克朱赫来，埋下革命的种子。他敢于向。

20、A 此题是95年高考题。information是不可数名词；have a word with sb.是固定短语。

二、名词Nouns

知识要点：

一、名词的种类：

1、专有名词：

1）China，Japan，Beijing，London，Tom，Jack（不加冠词）

2）the Great Wall，the Yellow River，the People’s Republic of China，the United States等。（由普通名词构

成的专有名词，要加定冠词。）

2、普通名词 1）不可数名词

注意：不可数名词前一般不加冠词，尤不加不定冠词：若加a(an)则使之具体化了。

如：have a wonderful time.

‚不可数名词作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。

ƒ不可数名词一般无复数形式。部分物质名词在表不同类别时，可用复数形式。

如：fishes，newspapers，waters，snows……

| | | 各种各样的鱼 各种报纸 河湖、海水 积雪

„有些抽象名词也常用复数，变为可数的具体的事物。如：times时代，works著作，difficulties困难

…在表数量时，常用“of”词组来表示。如：a glass of milk，a cup of tea，two pieces of paper….

2）可数名词： 可数名词除用复数形式表一类之外，一般都要加冠词：A birdcaufly.

The frog is a kind of hibernating animal.

Vegetables sold at this shop are usually fresh.

‚有复数形式：

a）规则变化——加“s”或“es”（与初中同，略） b）不规则变化——child (children)，foot (feet)，tooth (teeth)，man (men)。

woman (women)，mouse (mice)，goose (geese)，Englishman (Englishmen)。

phenomenon(phenomena)…

注意：c）单、复数同形：sheep，deer，Chinese，Japanese，fish（同一种鱼）……。如，a sheep，two sheep

d）只用复数形式： thanks，trousers，goods，clothes，socks，shoes，… e）形复实单：physics，politics，maths，news，plastics（塑料），means.

f）形单实复：people (人民，人们)，the police，cattle等

g）集合名词如：family，public，group，class等。当作为整体时，为单数；当作为整体中的各个成员时，为复数。如： My family is a big one. My family are music lovers.

h）复合名词变复数时，(a)只把复合名词中的主体各词变为复数形式。如：sister(s)-in-law嫂子，弟妹；step-son (s)继子；editor (s) -in-chief总编辑。 (b)如没有主体名词则在最后一个词的后面加“s”。如：grown-up(s)成年人，go-between(s)中间人

《爱的教育》读书感悟读后感1 我读过了《爱的教育》这本书,这本书的内容非常精彩。 《爱的教育》采用 日记 的形式,讲述一个叫安利柯的小男孩成长的 故事 ,建记录了他一年之内在学校,家庭,社会的所见所闻,字里行间洋溢着对祖国。

(c）woman，man作定语时，要与被修饰的名词的数一致。如：a man servant—men servants，a woman doctor—women doctors

二、名词的所有格： 1、表有生命的东西（人或动物）的名词所有格，一般在名词后加“’s”。如：Mike’s bag，Children’s Day，my brother’s room，women’s rights…

注意：1）名词复数的词尾是-s或-es，它的所有格只在词后加“s”。如：Teachers’ Day，the workers’ rest-home（工人疗养院），the students’ reading-room

2）复合名词的所有格，在后面的词后加“’s”。如：her son-in-law’s photo（她女婿的照片）；anybody else’s book（其他任何人的书）

3）如果一样东西为两人或两人以上共有，则在最后的一个名词后面加“’s”； 如果不是共有，则每个词后都要加“’s”。如：Jane and Helen’s room. 珍妮和海伦的房间（共有）. Bill’s and Tom’s radios. 比尔的收音机和汤姆的 收音机（不共有）

4）表地点（店铺，某人的家等）的名词所有格后面，一般省去它所修饰的名词。如：the tailor’s (裁缝铺) the doctor’s (诊所) Mr Brown’s (布朗先生的家)

5）有些表时间、距离、国家、城镇的无生命的名词，也可加“’s”表所有格。

如：half an hour’s walk (半小时的路程) China’s agriculture (中国的农业)

2、表示无生命的东西的名词一般与of构成词组，表示所有格。如：the cover of the book 3、表示有生命的东西的名词也可以用of，特别是名词较长，有较多的定语时。如：

the story of Dr Norman Bethune

Do you know the name of the boy standing at the gate? 4、“of词组+所有格”的用法：

在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词（如：a，two，some，a few，this，that，these，those等）时，常用“of词组+所有格”的形式来表示所有关系。如：

a friend of my father’s 我父亲的一位朋友。 some inventions of Edison’s 爱迪生的一些发明

those exercise-books of the students’ 学生们的那些练习本。

【专项训练】：

1、There are only twelve in the hospital.

A．woman doctors B．women doctors

C．women doctor D．woman doctor

2、Mr Smith has two ，both of whom are teachers in a school.

A．brothers-in-law B．brother-in-laws

C．brothers-in-laws D．brothers-in law

3、——How many does a cow have?

——Four.

A．stomaches B．stomach C．stomachs D．stomachies

4、Some visited our school last Wednesday.

A．German B．Germen C．Germans D．Germens

5、The of the building are covered with lots of .

A．roofs; leaves B．rooves; leafs C．roof; leaf D．roofs; leafs

A．sheeps B．sheepes C．sheep D．sheepies

7、That was a fifty engine.

A．horse power B．horses power

C．horse powers D．horses powers

8、My father often gives me .

A．many advice B．much advice C．a lot of advices D．a few advice

9、Mary broke a while she was washing up.

A．tea cup B．a cup of tea C．tea’s cup D．cup tea

10、Can you give us some about the writer?

A．informations B．information

C．piece of informations D．pieces information

11、I had a cup of and two pieces of this morning.

A．teas; bread B．teas; breads

C．tea; breads D．tea; bread

12、As is known to us all，travels much faster than .

A．lights; sounds B．light; sound

C．sound; light D．sounds; lights

13、She told him of all her and .

A．hope; fear B．hopes; fear

C．hopes; fears D．hope; fears

14、The rising did a lot of to the crops.

A．water; harm B．water; harms

C．waters; harm D．waters; harms

15、——How far away is it from here to your school?

——It’s about .

A．half an hour’s drive B．half hours drives

C．half an hour drives D．half an hour drive

16、The shirt isn’t mine. It’s .

A．Mrs Smith B．Mrs’ Smith

C．Mrs Smiths’ D．Mrs Smith’s

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17、Miss Johnson is a friend of .

A．Mary’s mother B．Mary’s mothers’

C．Mary mother’s D．Mary’s mother’s

18、Last week I called at my .

A．aunt B．aunts C．aunt’s D．auntes’

19、The beach is a throw.

A．stone B．stones C．stones’ D．stone’s

20、I can hardly imagine sailing across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.

A．Peter’ B．Peter C．Peters D．Peters’

【答案】：

1、B 2、A

3、C stomach（胃）虽是“ch”结尾，但其发音为[k]，所以加“s”，不用加“es”。

4、C 5、A roof，chief，gulf，belief等词的复数形式，直接加“s”。

6、C 7、A 名词作定语一般不用复数。

8、B

9、A 根据句意，打破的应是杯子，而不是茶；名词作定语表类别不用加“’s”。

10、B 11、D 12、B 13、C 14、C 15、A

16、D 根据上句，此处应是史密斯太太的衬衫。

17、D 18、C 19、D a stone’s throw是固定短语，意为“近在咫尺”。

20、B 此句中Peter作动名词sailing的所有格，本应用Peter’s，但因其在动词后作宾语，所以可用宾格，因此B为正确答案。

三、主谓一致Agreement

知识要点：

在英语的句子中，谓语动词的形式应与主语的人称和数保持一致。如何判定，则要看句子的意思。多数情况下，根据句子的主语形式就能判定，但有的则要看整句的意思，及强调的内容。下面我们就常用的、易混的几种情况作一下解释。

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1、以单数名词或代词、不定式、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。如：

1）The book is on the table.

2）He is reading English. 3）To work hard is necessary.（It is necessary to work hard.）

4）How you get there is a problem.

2、复数主语跟复数动词。如：Children like to play toys. 3、在倒装句中，动词的数应和它后面的主语的数一致。如以here，there开头，be 动词与后面第一个名词一致。如：

1）There is a dog near the door.

2）There were no schools in this area before liberation. 3）Here comes the bus.

4）On the wall were two famous paintings.

5）Here is Mr Brown and his children.

4、and连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时，谓语动词用复数。如果主语后跟有with，together with，except，but，perhaps ，like，including，as well as，no less than，more than，rather than等引起的短语，谓语动词仍与短语前的主语的形式保持一致。如：

1）Jane，Mary and I are good friends.

2）He and my father work in the same factory.

3）His sister，no less than you，is wrong.

4）The father，rather than the brothers，is responsible for the accident.

5）He，like you and Xiao Liu is very diligent.

6）Every picture except these two has been sold.

7）Alice with her parents often goes to the park on Sundays.

8）Alice as well as her friends was invited to the concert.

9）Nobody but Mary and I was in the classroom at that time.

5、并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数，and后面的名词没有冠词。如：

1）The writer and worker is coming to our school tomorrow.这位工人作家明天要来我们学校。

2）Bread and butter is their daily food. 面包和黄油是他们每日的食品。

3）The writer and the worker are coming to our school tomorrow.那位作家和那位工人明天将来我们学校。

6、and连接的并列单数名词前如有each，every，no，many a修饰时，谓语动词要用单数形式。如：

1）Every boy and girl has been invited to the party.所有的孩子都被邀请参加这次聚会。

2）No teacher and no student is absent today.今天没有老师和学生缺席。

3）Many a student is busy with their lessons.许许多多的学生都忙着复习他们的功课。

7、each，either，one，another，the other，neither作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如： 1）Each takes a cup of tea.

2）Either is correct.

3）Neither of them likes this picture.

8、由every，some，any，no构成的合成代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：

1）Is everyone here?

2）Nothing is to be done. 没有什么要干的事儿了。

9、关系代词who，that，which等在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如：

1）Those who want to go please sign their names here.

2）Anyone who is against this opinion may speak out.

3）He is one of the students who were praised at the meeting.

10、表示时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的复数名词或短语作为一个整体看待时，其谓语动词常用单数形式。如：

1）Three years is not a long time.

2）Ten dollars is what he needs.3）Five hundred miles is a long distance.

11、复数形式的专有名词作为整体看待（如人名、地点、国家、组织、书籍、报刊等），动词用单数形式。如：

1）The United States is in North America.

2）The United Nations has passed a resolution(决议)。

12、有些集体名词如family，team，group，class，audience（听众，观众），government等作主语时，如看作是一个整体，谓语动词则用单数形式；如强调各个成员时，谓语动词要用复数形式。如：

1）My family is going to have a long journey.我家要进行一次长途旅行。

2）My family are fond of music. 我家人都喜欢音乐。

3）The class has won the honour. 这班获得了荣誉。

4）The class were jumping for joy. 全班同学都高兴得跳了起来。

13、all，more，most，some，any，none，half，the rest等作主语时，既可表示复数意义，也可表示单数意义，谓语动词要根据实际情况而定。如：

1）All of the apple is rotten. 整个苹果都烂了。

2）All of the apples are rotten. 所有的苹果都烂了。

3）Most of the wood was used to make furniture (家具)。

14、the + 形容词（或分词）作主语时，常指一类人，谓语动词用复数形式。如指的是抽象概念，谓语动词则用单数形式。如：

1）The young are usually very active. 年轻人通常是很活跃的。

2）The wounded are being taken good care of here now. 现在伤病员们在这里受到了很好照顾。

15、or，either…or…，neither…nor…，whether…or，not only…but (also)连接的是主语，谓语动词与后一个主语一致。如：

1）Either you or I am going to the movies.

2）Not only you but also he is wrong.

16、不可数名词没有复数形式，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：

1）Water is a kind of matter.

2）The news at six o’clock is true.

17、集合名词如：people，police ，cattle等作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。如： 1）The police are searching for him.

2）The cattle are grassing (吃草)。

18、population当人口讲时，谓语动词用单数形式；当人们讲时，谓语动词用复数。如：

1）The population of China is larger than that of Japan.

2）One third of the population here are workers.

19、the number of + 名词复数，是表示“…的数字”，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；a (large / great) number of + 名词复数，表示许多，作主语时；谓语动词用复数形式。

1）The number of the students in our school is increasing year after year.

2）A number of students have gone for an outing.

20、means，politics，physics，plastics等作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。

【专项训练】

1、Nothing but cars in the shop.

A．is sold B．are sold C．were sold D．are going to sell

2、No one except Jack and Tom the answer.

A．know B．knows C．is knowing D．are known

3、Seventy percent of the students in our school from the countryside.

A．is B．are C．comes D．are coming

4、 of the money used up.

A．Three-five，are B．Three-fifths，have been

C．Three-fifths，has been D．Third-fifths，is

5、The number of the people who cars increasing.

A．owns，are B．owns，is C．own，is D．own，are

6、One of Marx’s works written in English in the 1860s.

A．was B．were C．would be D．are

7、The sheets for your bed washing.

A．needs B．are needing C．want D．are wanting

8、On each side of the street a lot of trees.

A．stands B．grow C．is standing D．are grown

9、Some person calling for you at the gate.

A．are B．is C．is being D．will be

10、All that can be eaten eaten up.

A．are being B．has been C．had been D．have been

11、Tom’s teacher and friend Mr. Smith.

A．are B．is C．are being D．has

12、Your new clothes fit you，but mine me.

A．doesn’t fit B．don’t fit C．doesn’t fit for D．don’t fit for

13、Neither he nor I for the plan.

A．am B．are C．is D．were

14、Many a student that mistake before.

A．has made B．have made C．has been made D．had made

15、Peter，perhaps John，playing with the little dog.

A．is B．are C．were D．seems

16、Laying eggs the ant queen’s full-time job.

A．is B．are C．has D．have

17、Between the two buildings a monument.

A．stand B．stands C．standing D．is standing

18、I，who your good friend，will share your joys and sorrow.

A．am B．is C．are D．was

19、The United Nations in 1945.

A．were found B．were founded C．was founded D．was found

20、 were also invited to the party.

A．Mr Smith B．The Smith C．The Smiths D．Smiths

21、The glass works in 1959.

A．were set up B．was set up C．were put up D．were built

22、Three hours with your girl friend to be a short time.

A．seem B．seems C．is seeming D．has seemed

23、It was reported that six including a boy.

24、The police a prisoner.

A．is searching for B．are searching forC．is searching D．are searched for

25、Deer faster than dogs.

A．run B．runs C．are running D．will run

26、The wounded good care of here now.

A．is taken B．are being taken C．are taking D．is taking

27、The whole class greatly moved at his words.

A．was B．were C．had D．is

28、Over 80 percent of the population of China peasants.

A．was B．is C．are D．will be

29、There a knife and fork on the table.

A．seems to be B．seem to be C．is seeming to be D．are

30、Those who singing may join us.

A．are liking B．likes C．enjoy D．is fond of

31、His family music lovers.

A．all are B．are all C．is D．are being

32、A professor and a writer present at the meeting.

A．was B．is C．were D．had been

33、The pair of shoes worn out.

A．was B．were C．have beenD．had been

34、The students in our school each an English dictionary.

A．have B．has C．had D．are having

35、More than one answer to the question.

A．have been given B．has been given C．were given D．had given

36、The boy sitting by the window is the only one of the students who from the countryside in our school. A．are B．is C．were D．was

37、Our family a happy one.

A．is B．are C．was D．were

38、Most of the mistakes because of carelessness.

A．were made B．are made C．has been made D．were making

39、Most of his time in reading novels.

A．are spent B．is spent C．were spent D．was spending

40、The rest of the novel very interesting.

A．were B．are C．is D．seem

41、I know that all getting on well with her.

A．was B．is C．are D．were

42、When and where this took place still unknown.

A．are B．were C．is D．has

43、Not only the workers but also the machine not there.

A．are B．were C．is D．has

44、Very few his address in the town.

A．knows B．know C．are knowing D．has known

45、Ten thousand dollars a large sum of money.

A．are B．is C．were D．seem

46、Twenty miles a long way to cover.

A．were B．are C．is D．seem to be

47、Nine plus three twelve.

A．makes B．make C．is making D．are making

48、There are two roads and either to the station.

A．leads B．lead C．are leading D．is leading

49、My father，together with some of his old friends，there already.

A．have beenB．has been C．had been D．will be

50、My family as well as I glad to see you.

A．am B．are C．is D．was